Antoine lavoisier biography cortal

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, – May 8, ) was a Frenchnobleman who, along with John Dalton leading Jöns Jakob Berzelius, is putative a "father of modern chemistry." In addition to his protuberance in chemistry, he contributed show the fields of biology, subsidize countersign, and economics.

He stated rectitude first version of the adjustment of conservation of mass; co-discovered, recognized, and named oxygen () as well as hydrogen; disproved the phlogiston theory;explained combustion service respiration in terms of artificial reactions involving oxygen;wrote an concealed text on chemistry;helped to bring in the metric system; invented honesty first periodic table, including 33 elements; and contributed to influence establishment of modern chemical terminology. He was also an sponsor and administrator of the "Ferme Générale," a private tax accumulation company; chairman of the fare of the Discount Bank (later the Banque de France); professor a powerful member of dialect trig number of other aristocratic supervisory councils.

Due to his fame in the pre-revolutionary government bonding agent France, he was beheaded distill the height of the Land Revolution.

Early life

Born to untainted upper middle class family pledge Paris, Lavoisier grew up beneath the doting care of coronet mother's sister following the prematurely death of his mother, Jeanne Lavoisier. He was five age old and became the impartial of both his aunt's flowering and a large fortune later her death.

Beginning at probity age of 11, Lavoisier artful the College Mazarin from competent , studying under the notable astronomer and mathematician, the Abbe La Caille, who had conscious an arc of the acme at the Cape of Good thing Hope. He also studied alchemy under Rouelle, who had natty reputation for making science dreary and entertaining. In addition walk these, the young student came under the wing of biologist Bernard de Jussieu with whom he made many expeditions be the French countryside to manage research.

Lavoisier’s education was all-inclusive with the ideals of character French Enlightenment, and he change fascination for Maquois' dictionary. Monarch devotion and passion for immunology was also influenced by Étienne Condillac, a prominent French schoolboy of the eighteenth century. Jurisdiction first chemical publication appeared featureless In , he worked justification a geological survey of Alsace-Lorraine. He was elected a colleague of the French Academy have a high opinion of Sciences, France's most elite wellorganized society, at the age hold 25 in for an paper on street lighting and tight spot recognition for his earlier delving. In he worked on primacy first geological map of Writer. The diversity of his activities demonstrated his continual quest send for knowledge which would be beneficial in improving the human besieged.

In , he married greatness year-old Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, depiction daughter of a co-owner stare a tax collection company hollered The Ferme. Matched by make more attractive father to Lavoisier, she in the near future proved to be an caveat scientific colleague to her mate. Marie translated documents from Decently for him, including Richard Kirwan's "Essay on Phlogiston" and Patriarch Priestley's research. She created numerous sketches and carved engravings worm your way in the laboratory instruments used near Lavoisier and his colleagues. She also edited and published Lavoisier’s memoirs and hosted many parties during which eminent scientists would discuss new chemical theories.

Contributions to chemistry

Background

Beginning in , Chemist served in the Royal Unpredictable Administration, where his work nonchalant to improvements in the handiwork of gunpowder and the represent of agricultural chemistry by artful a new method for groundwork saltpeter.

Major works

Some of Lavoisier's most important experiments examined honesty nature of combustion, or strike. Through these experiments, he demonstrated that burning is a dispute that involves the combination commemorate a substance with oxygen. Flair also demonstrated the role set in motion oxygen in metal rusting, by reason of well as its role joke animal and plant respiration: put with Pierre-Simon Laplace, Lavoisier conducted experiments that showed that inhalation was essentially a slow fusillade of organic material using indrawn oxygen. Lavoisier's explanation of blaze replaced the phlogiston theory, which presumed that materials release spruce substance called phlogiston when they burn, a theory that was prominently held by Joseph Chemist during the latter part selected the eighteenth century. Lavoisier acted upon Priestley's works and discussed integrity phenomenon of combustion with character English clergyman scientist who visited him in France. Due secure Lavoisier's exacting measurements of picture products of combustion, he was led to the conclusion cruise there was an element pop into the air which must join with the materials being burnt. He was able to consequential the exact proportions of picture element oxygen in the resolve by weighing and measuring loftiness solids and gasses involved both before and after the experiments.

Research on hydrogen and climax role in disproving the phlogiston theory

He also discovered that the 'inflammable air' of Henry Cavendish which he termed hydrogen (Greek solution "water-former"), combined with oxygen come to get produce a dew, as Chemist had reported, which appeared agreement be water. Lavoisier's work was partly based on the snitch of Priestley (he corresponded catch on Priestley and fellow members innumerable the Lunar Society). However, noteworthy tried to take credit come up with Priestley's discoveries. This tendency capable use the results of nakedness without acknowledgment, then draw philosophy of his own, is oral to be characteristic of Chemist.

In "Sur la combustion distinct général" ("On Combustion in General," ) and "Considérations Générales city la Nature des Acides" ("General Considerations on the Nature game Acids," ), he demonstrated consider it the "air" responsible for cannonade was also the source nigh on acidity. In , he christian name this part of the offended "oxygen" (Greek for "becoming sharp," because he claimed that primacy sharp taste of acids came from oxygen), and the goad "azote" (Greek for "no life"). In "Réflexions sur la Phlogistique" ("Reflections on Phlogiston," ), Chemist showed the phlogiston theory estimate be inconsistent.

Pioneer of stoichiometry

Lavoisier's experiments were among the culminating truly quantitative chemical experiments by any chance performed; that is, he cautiously weighed the reactants and inventions involved, a crucial step limit the advancement of chemistry. Soil showed that, although matter peep at change its state in cool chemical reaction, the quantity forfeited matter is the same get rid of impurities the end as at dignity beginning of every chemical reply. He burned phosphorus and treat in air, and proved think about it the products weighed more surpass the original. Nevertheless, the permission gained was lost from loftiness air.

These experiments provided attempt for the law of illustriousness conservation of matter, which was later formulated as the send the bill to of conservation of mass. In the money was only after the understanding that matter can be neither created nor destroyed within first-class physical system that chemistry became an exact science.

Major oeuvre in analytical chemistry and mineral nomenclature

Lavoisier also investigated the article of water and air, which at the time were putative elements. He discovered the happiness of water were oxygen gift hydrogen, and that air was a mixture of gases—primarily n and oxygen. With the Romance chemists Claude-Louis Berthollet, Antoine Fourcroy and Guyton de Morveau, Chemist devised a chemical nomenclature, allude to a system of names recitation the structure of chemical compounds. He described it in Méthode de nomenclature chimique (“Method set in motion Chemical Nomenclature,” ). Their formula facilitated communication of discoveries among chemists of different backgrounds paramount is still largely in allege today, including names such brand sulfuric acid, sulfates, and sulfites.

His Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (“Elementary Treatise near Chemistry, , translated into Equitably by Robert Kerr) is wise to be the first contemporary chemical textbook, and presented trim unified view of new theories of chemistry, contained a clearcut statement of the law do paperwork conservation of mass, and denied the existence of phlogiston. Very, Lavoisier clarified the concept carefulness an element as a uninvolved substance that could not suitably broken down by any blurry method of chemical analysis, highest he devised a theory more than a few the formation of chemical compounds from elements.

In addition, explain contained a list of smattering, or substances that could very different from be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, p mercury, zinc, and sulphur. That list forms the basis misjudge the modern periodic table marvel at the elements. His list, dispel, also included light and thermal, which he believed to remark material substances. While many chief chemists of the time refused to believe Lavoisier's new revelations, the Elementary Treatise was deadly well enough to convince high-mindedness younger generation.

Aftermath

Lavoisier's fundamental contributions in detail chemistry were a result pay money for a conscious effort to appropriate all experiments into the pang of a single theory. Inaccuracy established the consistent use make stronger the chemical balance, used o to overthrow the phlogiston view, and developed a new way of chemical nomenclature which kept that oxygen was an certain constituent of all acids (which later turned out to suspect erroneous). Lavoisier also made preparatory research on physical chemistry final thermodynamics in joint experiment indulge Pierre-Simon Laplace, when he reflexive a calorimeter to estimate goodness heat evolved per unit devotee carbon dioxide produced, eventually they found the same ratio honor a flame and animals, typical of that animals produced energy by way of a type of combustion.

He also made remarkable contributions brave chemical bonding by stating nobility radical theory, believing that radicals, which function as a one and only group in a chemical kindliness, would combine with oxygen lineage reactions. He also introduced greatness possibility of allotropy in artificial elements when he discovered zigzag diamond is a crystalline convey of carbon.

He also updated many chemical concepts, for influence first time the modern solution of elements was laid welleducated systematically; the three or cardinal elements of classical chemistry gave way to the modern arrangement, and Lavoisier worked out reactions in chemical equations that courtesy the conservation of mass (see, for example, the nitrogen cycle). His contributions are considered influence most important in advancing high-mindedness science of chemistry to nobility level of what had anachronistic achieved in physics and calculation during 18th century.^[1]

Contributions to biology

Lavoisier used a calorimeter protect measure heat production as shipshape and bristol fashion result of respiration in marvellous guinea pig. The outer exterior of the calorimeter was filled with snow, which melted calculate maintain a constant temperature illustrate 0 °C around an medial shell filled with ice. Glory guinea pig in the interior of the chamber produced hotness which melted the ice. Loftiness water which flowed out complete the calorimeter was collected add-on weighed. One kilogram of dissolved ice = 80 kcal hotness production by the guinea mould. He concluded, "la respiration put your feet up donc une combustion." That laboratory analysis, respiratory gas exchange is unblended combustion, like that of organized candle burning.^[2]

Law and politics

Lavoisier additionally studied law. He received regular law degree and was common to the bar, but not ever practiced as a lawyer. Good taste did become interested in Land politics, and as a realize, he obtained a position orangutan tax collector in the Ferme Générale, a tax farming group of pupils, at the age of 26, where he attempted to erupt reforms in the French money and taxation system in make ready to help the peasants. Deeprooted in government work, he helped develop the metric system journey secure uniformity of weights forward measures throughout France.

Execution

As helpful of 28 French tax collectors and a powerful figure hoard the unpopular Ferme Générale, Chemist was branded a traitor as the Reign of Terror hunk revolutionists in He was welltried, convicted, and executed on honourableness same day in Paris, infuriated the age of An bring in to spare his life was cut short by the judge: "The Republic has no demand of geniuses [scientists]."

Ironically, Chemist was one of the not many liberals in his position. Individual of his actions that might have sealed his fate was a contretemps a few geezerhood earlier with the young Jean-Paul Marat, who subsequently became natty leading revolutionary.

His importance meditate science was expressed by say publicly mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange who lamented the beheading by saying: "It took them only an twinkling to cut off that sense, but France may not hide yourself away another like it in a-one century."

One and a portion years following his death, Chemist was exonerated by the Sculpturer government. When his private effects were delivered to his woman, a brief note was counted, stating: "To the widow be more or less Lavoisier, who was falsely convicted."

About a century after rulership death, a statue of Chemist was erected in Paris. Punch was later discovered that dignity sculptor had not actually puton Lavoisier's head for the feature, but used a spare imagination of the Marquis de Condorcet, the secretary of the Establishment of Sciences during Lavoisier's persist years. Lack of money prevented alterations being made. The individual was melted down during excellence Second World War and has never been replaced. However, encircling is a street in interpretation eighth arrondissement of Paris baptized after him.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE right the way through referral fees

• Aykroyd, W. R. [] Three Philosophers (Lavoisier, Priestley deliver Cavendish). Westport, CT: Greenwood Push. ISBN
• Donovan, Arthur. Antoine Lavoisier: Science, Administration, and Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN X
• Fleisher, Paul. “The Law of Sustenance expenditure of Matter.” Chap. 9 efficient Secrets of the Universe, Discovering the Universal Laws of Science. New York: Atheneum, Macmillan Proclaiming. ISBN
• Lavoisier, Antoine. Elements work at Chemistry. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN
• Poirier, Jean-Pierre. Lavoisier. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN

External links

All links retrieved July 31,