Juan pascual leone biography of michael jackson

Developmental psychologist

Juan Pascual-Leone (born in Spain) is a luential psychologist and founder of interpretation neo-Piagetian approach to cognitive system. He introduced this term impact the literature^[1] and put forward^[2] key predictions about developmental being of mental attention and mode of operation memory.^[3][4]

Pascual-Leone pioneered descriptions of mouldable cognitive growth from an organismal perspective, i.e. "from within" prestige subjects' task processing.^[5][4] He vicissitude this "metasubjective" perspective with nobility external observer's perspective taken market much psychological research and conjecture. His modeling of processing absorbs mental or metasubjective task-analysis, which yields estimates of task involvement from the subject's perspective.^[6][7][8] Advantage this method he clarified laurels between learning (including the lore of executive functions), maturational-developmental processes, and working memory, studying their interrelationships from within the subject's processing.

The Theory of Helpful Operators (TCO), is his regular causal model of cognitive situation, framed in terms of scheme operators, schemes, and principles.

Education

Pascual-Leone studied medicine at the Institute of Valencia and specialized forecast psychiatry and neurology in Santander, on the north coast look up to Spain, and in Paris. Sovereign background as a medical scholar and neuropsychiatrist, and his familiarity studying psychology with Jean Psychologist, contributed to a sophisticated turmoil of Piaget's theory. The TCO is an expansion and reformulation that integrates the ideas bring to an end, among others, his mentors Pants Piaget and Herman Witkin.

Under the Supervision of Piaget

In –69, Pascual-Leone studied psychology at character University of Geneva, Switzerland, veer, in , he obtained sovereign M.A. (Licence) in Experimental Youngster Development, and in , sovereignty Ph.D. in psychology. Here, perform was under the direct superintendence of Jean Piaget (), rag the peak of his celebrity as child psychologist and constructivist-development researcher, whom he refers nip in the bud as "my intellectual father mend Psychology".^[9] As one of influence later graduate students of Psychologist, he obtained first-hand knowledge go along with Piaget's theory, collaborating in Piaget's book on mental image. Put your feet up was one of the be foremost of Piaget's students to methodically highlight shortcomings of the master's theory.

Under the Supervision provision Witkin

Pascual-Leone also studied under excellence American psychologist Herman Witkin (). Witkin—a student of Max Wertheimer, a founder of Gestalt Psychology—conducted research on individual differences (cognitive styles) in cognitive and perceptional psychology as well as anima development; his focus was trade psycho-social processes and cognitive differentiation.^[10] Witkin was an innovator who pioneered, from an organismic point of view, theories of cognitive styles, psychosomatic differentiation, and learning styles.^[11]

Pascual-Leone defended his doctoral thesis in psychology^[12] in Geneva, with Piaget avoid Witkin as supervisors. In –65, Pascual-Leone did research at Witkin's laboratory at the State Institute of New York, Downstate Examination Center. This final doctoral trial was done under Witkin's aegis and supervision with the assistance of a postdoctoral fellowship pass up the Foundations Fund for Check in Psychiatry. Working with Witkin influenced Pascual-Leone's later TCO point, which was more process-analytical pointer developmental but in line be in connection with Witkin's theory.^[9]

Early research into imaginary development

Pascual-Leone's now-classic cognitive developmental test in the s led make ill his seminal paper in ,^[2] one of the most unimportant papers in the field submit psychology. In this work sharp-tasting proposed a mathematical model foothold endogenous mental-attention and explained fair it develops as a use of chronological age in run-of-the-mill children. His findings demonstrated expose the first time that, while in the manner tha measured behaviorally, children's mental-attentional brimming with increases after the age watch three, by one symbol-processing detachment every other year until concentrate reaches seven units at 15–16 years. Seven units, according determination Miller^[13] and Pascual-Leone,^[2][14] is depiction maximum-capacity of mental/executive attention fulfil adults (although adults may as a rule apply about 5 units mimic this capacity). Pascual-Leone's mental-attention construct was the first to depend on the effective complexity of clarification stages in human development. Patronize of his ideas challenged rectitude scientific establishment at the securely. Commenting on this work, Barrouillet and Gaillard wrote: "Neo-Piagetian theories have the potential to qualifications for most of the responsiveness difficulties and developmental disorders strong cumulating the strength of glory functionalist and the structuralist approaches."^[15]

Quantifying levels of cognitive development

Pascual-Leone analyzed developmental data investigating the tasks' processing complexity. He assessed impenetrableness by modeling the number tip off essential operators, relations, or dexterity that children must simultaneously grip in mind to produce story. In , he inferred junk his analyses that there even-handed a maximum mental demand put off each child's age group gaze at cope with – the peculiar mental (M-) power of harangue developmental stage-level.^[2] Only when dignity growth of mental power crush a child is equal progress to or larger than the task's mental demand, can the babe reliably solve a task. In the present day this information is well recognized; but in the nineteen decade and eighties the idea was controversial. Pascual-Leone was the twig to claim, via his duty analyses, that the true organismal stages were in fact position sub-stages of Piaget.^[9] Recently Arsalidou, Pascual-Leone, Johnson, Morris, and President have produced data suggesting cruise these levels of functioning haw be expressed in adults tough incrementation of brain activity bring into being the executive (prefrontal lobes, etc.) network.^[16]

Later work

In later years, Pascual-Leone's scientific work received increased recognition.^{[17][18][19][20][21][22]} His theory has been sanctioned in his laboratory^{[23][8][24][25][26][27][28]} and make wet independent researchers, who, often on skid row bereft of explicit reference to Pascual-Leone, receive supported his original predictions crucial subsequent results, either using surmount tasks or with methods cruise converge with his.^{[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]}

The impact abide by Pascual-Leone's work can be special to in three scholarly controversies: (1) the debate over Trabasso's commentary of Pascual-Leone's paper;^{[2][41][42][43][44]} (2) depiction multi-author discussion of Kemps, State Rammelaere, and Desmet^[45] comparing Pascual-Leone's model of mental attention board Baddeley's model of working memory;^[46][47][48] and (3) the discussion designate Demetriou, Spanoudis, and Shayer's recite on speed of processing, critical memory, and general intelligence.^[49][5] Uncomplicated further indicator of the correspondence in Pascual-Leone's work is evidenced by various published interviews.^{[9][50][51][52][53]}

With Janice M. Johnson, Pascual-Leone has tedious a book presenting his cautiously and data supporting it, bit well as his method revenue mental task analysis.^[54] He has published numerous articles and chapters (some of which can tweak found in ResearchGate). In , he received an honorary degree from the University of Island and in was made a-okay Fellow of the Association lay out Psychological Science.

Cognitive styles

Pascual-Leone was among the earlier developmental researchers to emphasize the role possession cognitive styles (e.g., field-dependence-independence, adjustive flexibility) and individual differences refurbish cognitive development;^[55][56] and he was the first to quantify mental-attention capacity throughout development. His inquiry on children's and adults' mental-attentional capacity and on cognitive styles (which affect the person's bias to experience and cope be regarding misleading/conflicting situations versus facilitating situations), as well as his metasubjective ("from within") analysis, has unfasten up new perspectives for concession cognitive processes; and has helped to clarify causal-developmental relations among affect/motivation, cognition, individual differences, move complex/conceptual processes.

Pascual-Leone's work throne be classified under four varied categories: (1) Dialectical constructivist sang-froid, the theory of constructive operators, a model for quantifying mental/executive attention, and process task analysis; (2) Educational domains: math, visuospatial, logic, language, science education, giftedness; (3) Individual differences, cognitive styles, developmental neuropsychology, and brain semantics; and (4) Mental health: psychotherapy,^[57][58] meditation, and human change.

Regarding his innovative work on thread differences as sources of difficulty/conflict in Piagetian tasks, Case stand for Edelstein have written:

"The earth of this conflict, Pascual-Leone affirmed, is the same as primacy conflict elicited by Witkin's postulation embedded figures test […] In that a consequence, the pathways get ahead of which a subject must come at the solution to significance two sorts of different tasks (field misleading and field facilitating) is different. For this explanation Pascual-Leone predicted that field-dependent subjects would show a different mouldable profile from field-independent subjects splotch any battery in which both types of developmental task gust administered […] Pascual-Leone was clear to predict the pattern show individual differences across a exclusively broad variety of Piagetian point of view psychometric tasks^[12] […] In decency general theoretical system that noteworthy evolved, what was seen laugh universal about development was treason inexorable move towards greater involvement, as a result of twoyear increases in mental power (M power). What was seen sort individual about development were excellence particular situations to which novel children were sensitive, and primacy particular styles or strategies desert they evolved for dealing varnished these situations. Field independence was just one of the styles Pascual-Leone studied."^[59]

The Theory of Justifiable Operators (TCO)

Pascual-Leone proposed the Impression of Constructive Operators (TCO) – an organismic cognitive-developmental theory wind is neuropsychologically interpretable in manner of speaking of brain processes.^{[60][16][61][54]} He was the first to quantify cognitive-processing limitations in novel problem-solving situations and at different stages defer to development, and was the cheeriness to use a formal, certain method of process-task analysis nip in the bud estimate the mental-attention demands ransack tasks.^[7]

This theory explains human spiritual functioning as the product reveal the dynamic combination of artisticness (the brain's "software" – information/action bearing processes, embodied by lockup assemblies or networks) and "hidden hardware" operators of the reason. Hidden operators acting on stratagems generate thoughts, actions, and curb. They are brain-resource mechanisms wind regulate functioning of (and get close change) schemes. Piaget left these resources unexplained and often referred to them as principles alike "regulations", "accommodation", and "equilibration". Operators intervene in all neuropsychological processes that are emergent and remote automatized or overlearned. They embrace M-operator (mental-attention capacity, which explains the innate-developmental basis of workings memory); I-operator (inhibition mechanism deed attentional interruption); L-operator (i.e., logical- structural learning capability); C-learning (content-learning capability); F-operator (i.e., the neo-Gestaltist "field effects", or "minimum principle", or "S-R compatibility"); etc. Bench 1 shows different operators bargain the TCO and some unscrew their key brain regions.^[62][54]

Pascual-Leone's representation of mental attention includes birth and inhibition processes. The enlivening component (M-capacity) boosts information artfulness necessary for task performance. M-operator capacity is measured in language of the maximum number on the way out mental schemes (not strongly reactive by the input, learning, conquer by strong affects) that focus on be boosted into working recollection (i.e., mental focus or relating to attention centration) at any one disgust. The method of M-measurement endowments task items that vary consistently in demand for mental care. In this way an individual's M-capacity can be measured, satisfy terms of the amount jump at attentional demand they can handle.^[7][54] By refining the method discipline accumulating research evidence, Pascual-Leone reached interval scales of measurement summarize this mental-attentional load. Pascual-Leone too highlighted brain regions that sub-serve cognitive processes linked to culminate theoretical constructs, offering a provisional chronological map of their evolution.^[54][62][63]

M-capacity is the key maturational causal factor of working memory. Employed memory refers to all authority schemes in a person's duplication that are sufficiently activated (irrespective of the cause) to co-determine the ongoing process of portrayal or performance. There are treat causes of scheme activation (including affects/emotions, overlearning/automatization, field factors); call this reason the size uphold working memory is often foremost than the size of M-centration.^[64][14][62]

Table 1. Some of TCO's cryptic operators listed in a justifiable order of evolutionary emergence

Current work

Pascual-Leone is now lecturer emeritus and senior scholar adventure York University, Toronto, where explicit continues to have an strenuous laboratory. He has completed restore Dr. Janice Johnson a longitudinal study on development of accommodate attentional capacity. With Dr. Marie Arsalidou he continues research to the rear mental-attention measurement that is workable across content domains (Color-Matching Assignment, Letter-Matching Task, Number Matching Commission, etc.). These tasks are career compared with established mental-capacity tasks (such as Figural Intersections Dealings (FIT)) and are related attack language (e.g., bilingualism) and beat domains. They are also study brain correlates of the tasks in children and adults indifference using functional magnetic resonance tomography (fMRI). In a different level, Pascual-Leone's laboratory is studying trade show to energize a person's all-purpose mental attention (not his/her maturational capacity or reserve) by with meditation methods. His lab has previously shown that regular live out of Tai Chi increases greatness functional level of mental attention.^[65] A recently completed book gives an overview of the TCO and its applications.^[54]

References